The present study analyses and compares the British and Swedish life science innovation systems. The report includes one macro-level comparison comprising the UK, Scotland and Sweden and a micro-level comparison of the Cambridge and Uppsala regions. The competitiveness of the Swedish system is based on results and experiences from both the macro and micro-level and on their interconnectedness. The study is part of the Vinnova assignment by the Swedish Government to carry out an international study to shed light on the competitiveness of the Swedish sectorial innovation systems of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical technology in international comparison.